Tercer Momento de la Serie Geométrica?

Question

$\sum_{x=1}^{\infty}x(1-p)^{x-1} = \frac{1}{p^2}$

$\sum_{x=1}^{\infty}x^2(1-p)^{x-1} = \frac{2-p}{p^3}$

$\sum_{x=1}^{\infty}x^3(1-p)^{x-1} =$ ... ?

El libro da los 2 primeros momentos, pero no de la tercera. No he podido encontrar el forumla en Google. Creo que va a ser útil en el caso de que tengo que encontrar a $E(X^3)$ donde $X$ es una distribución geométrica.

Answer 1

En primer lugar, tenga en cuenta que $$\sum_{k=0}^\infty k(1-p)^{k-1} = \sum_{k=1}^\infty k(1-p)^{k-1}$$ Esto nos permite realizar un pequeño truco para calcular los momentos. En el primer momento, tenemos: \begin{align} \sum_{k=1}^\infty k(1-p)^{k-1} &= \sum_{k=0}^\infty k(1-p)^{k-1}\\ &=\sum_{k=1}^\infty (k-1)(1-p)^{k-2} \\ &=\sum_{k=1}^\infty k(1-p)^{k-2} - \sum_{k=1}^\infty(1-p)^{k-2}\\ &= \frac{1}{1-p}\sum_{k=1}^\infty k(1-p)^{k-1}-\frac{1}{p(1-p)} \end{align} Reordenando, obtenemos: $$-\frac{p}{1-p}\sum_{k=1}^\infty k(1-p)^{k-1} = -\frac{1}{p(1-p)}$$ $$\sum_{k=1}^\infty k(1-p)^{k-1}=\frac{1}{p^2}$$ Podemos utilizar el mismo truco para calcular el tercer momento: \begin{align} \sum_{k=1}^\infty k^3(1-p)^{k-1} &= \sum_{k=0}^\infty k^3(1-p)^{k-1}\\ &= \sum_{k=1}^\infty (k-1)^3(1-p)^{k-2}\\ &= \sum_{k=1}^\infty k^3 (1-p)^{k-2} - 3\sum_{k=1}^\infty k^2(1-p)^{k-2} + 3\sum_{k=1}^\infty k(1-p)^{k-2} - \sum_{k=1}^\infty(1-p)^{k-2}\\ &=\frac{1}{1-p}\sum_{k=1}^\infty k^3(1-p)^{k-1} - \frac{3(2-p)}{p^3(1-p)}+\frac{3}{p^2(1-p)}-\frac{1}{p(1-p)} \end{align} Reordenando, tenemos: $$-\frac{p}{1-p}\sum_{k=1}^\infty k^3(1-p)^{k-1} = -\frac{p^2-6p+6}{p^3(1-p)}$$ $$\boxed{\sum_{k=1}^\infty k^3(1-p)^{k-1} = \frac{p^2-6p+6}{p^4}}$$

Answer 2

$\newcommand{\bbx}[1]{\,\bbox[15px,border:1px groove armada]{\displaystyle{#1}}\,} \newcommand{\llaves}[1]{\left\lbrace\,{#1}\,\right\rbrace} \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack\,{#1}\,\right\rbrack} \newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}} \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}} \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,\mathrm{e}^{#1}\,} \newcommand{\ic}{\mathrm{i}} \newcommand{\mc}[1]{\mathcal{#1}} \newcommand{\mrm}[1]{\mathrm{#1}} \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left(\,{#1}\,\right)} \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\parcial #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\raíz}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\,{#2}\,}\,} \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{\mathrm{d}^{#1} #2}{\mathrm{d} #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert\,{#1}\,\right\vert}$

Permite a $\ds{q = 1 - p}$:

\begin{align} \sum_{x = 1}^{\infty}x^{3}\pars{1 - p}^{x - 1} & = {1 \over q}\sum_{x = 0}^{\infty}x^{3}q^{x} = {1 \over q}\pars{q\,\partiald{}{q}}^{3}\sum_{x = 0}^{\infty}q^{x} = {1 \over q}\pars{q\,\partiald{}{q}}^{3}{1 \over 1 - q} \\[5mm] & = {1 \over q}\pars{q\,\partiald{}{q}}^{2}{q \over \pars{1 - q}^{2}} = {1 \over q}\,q\,\partiald{}{q}q\,\partiald{}{q}{q \over \pars{1 - q}^{2}} = \partiald{}{q}{q + q^{2} \over \pars{1 - q}^{3}} \\[5mm] & = {1 + 4q + q^{2} \over \pars{1 - q}^{4}} = {1 + 4\pars{1 - p} + \pars{1 - p}^{2} \over p^{4}} = \bbx{6 - 6p + p^{2} \over p^{4}} \end{align}

Answer 3

Mediante la suma de la serie. $$S=\sum_{k=1}^\infty x^3(1-p)^{k-1}\\ -(1-p)S=-\sum_{k=1}^\infty (x-1)^3(1-p)^{k-1}$$ Añadimos estos dos y obtener $$pS=\sum_{k=1}^\infty (x^3-(x-1)^3)(1-p)^{1-k} \\ =\sum_{k=1}^\infty (x^2+x(x-1)+(x-1)^2)(1-p)^{1-k} \\ =\sum_{k=1}^\infty x^2(1-p)^k+\sum_{k=1}^\infty (x-1)^2(1-p)^{1-k}+\sum_{k=1}^\infty x(x-1)(1-p)^{1-k}\\ =E(X^2)+(1-p)E(X^2) + K$$

$$K=\sum_{k=1}^\infty x(x-1)(1-p)^{1-k}=\sum_{k=1}^\infty x(x+1)(1-p)^{k} \\ (1-p)K=\sum_{k=1}^\infty x(x-1)(1-p)^k \\ K-(1-p)K=pK=\sum_{k=1}^\infty (x(x+1)-x(x-1))(1-p)^{k} \\ pK=\sum_{k=1}^\infty 2x(1-p)^{k}=2(1-p)E(X)$$

Por lo tanto, $$pS=E(X^2)+(1-p)E(X)^2+\frac{2(1-p)}{p}E(X) \\ = \frac{(2-p)^2}{p^3}+\frac{2(1-p)}{p^3}=\frac{p^2-6p+6}{p^3}$$

$$S=\frac{p^2-6p+6}{p^4}$$