Evaluar $ \sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{n}{n^{4}+n^{2}+1}$

Question

La pregunta fue: Evaluar, ${\textstyle {\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{n}{n^{4}+n^{2}+1}}}.$

Y me voy, ya $\frac{n}{n^{4}+n^{2}+1}\sim\frac{1}{n^{3}}$ y sabemos que ${\displaystyle \sum_{n=}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^{3}}}$ converge. por lo ${\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{n}{n^{4}+n^{2}+1}}$ es convergente así.

Pero me resulta difícil calcular la suma. me puedes dar algunos consejos?

Answer 1

SUGERENCIA:

Como $n^4+n^2+1=(n^2+1)^2-n^2=(n^2+1-n)(n^2+1+n)$

y $(n^2+1+n)-(n^2+1-n)=2n$

$$\frac n{n^4+n^2+1}=\frac12\left(\frac{2n}{(n^2+1-n)(n^2+1+n)}\right)$$ $$=\frac12\left(\frac{(n^2+1+n)-(n^2+1-n)}{(n^2+1-n)(n^2+1+n)}\right)$$ $$=\frac12\left(\frac1{n^2-n+1}-\frac1{n^2+n+1}\right)$$

También se observa que el $: (n+1)^2-(n+1)+1=n^2+n+1$ invitando a las cancelaciones

Answer 2

El uso de esta ecuación$$\frac{2n}{n^4+n^2+1}=\frac{1}{n^2-n+1}-\frac{1}{n^2+n+1}.$$

Answer 3

$\newcommand{\+}{^{\daga}}% \newcommand{\ángulos}[1]{\left\langle #1 \right\rangle}% \newcommand{\llaves}[1]{\left\lbrace #1 \right\rbrace}% \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack #1 \right\rbrack}% \newcommand{\dd}{{\rm d}}% \newcommand{\isdiv}{\,\left.\a la derecha\vert\,}% \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}}% \newcommand{\equalby}[1]{{#1 \cima {= \cima \vphantom{\enorme}}}}% \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,{\rm e}^{#1}\,}% \newcommand{\fermi}{\,{\rm f}}% \newcommand{\piso}[1]{\,\left\lfloor #1 \right\rfloor\,}% \newcommand{\ic}{{\rm i}}% \newcommand{\imp}{\Longrightarrow}% \newcommand{\cy}[1]{\left\vert #1\right\rangle}% \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left( #1 \right)}% \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\parcial #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\pp}{{\cal P}}% \newcommand{\raíz}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\,#2\,}\,}% \newcommand{\sech}{\,{\rm sech}}% \newcommand{\sgn}{\,{\rm sgn}}% \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{{\rm d}^{#1} #2}{{\rm d} #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\ul}[1]{\underline{#1}}% \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert #1 \right\vert}% \newcommand{\yy}{\Longleftrightarrow}$ \begin{align} &\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty}{n \over n^{4} + n^{2} + 1} = \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty}{n \over \pars{n^{2} + 1/2}^{2} + 3/4} \\[3mm]&= \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty}{n \over \bracks{n^{2} -\pars{-1/2 - \sqrt{3}\,\ic/2}} \bracks{n^{2} -\pars{-1/2 + \sqrt{3}\,\ic/2}}} = \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty}{n \over \pars{n^{2} - \xi^{2}}\pars{n^{2} - {\xi^{*}}^{2}}} \end{align} donde $\xi^{2} \equiv \pars{-1 - \root{3}\,\ic}/2 = \expo{4\pi\ic/3}$

\begin{align} &\sum_{n = 1}^{N}{n \over n^{4} + n^{2} + 1} = {1 \over \xi^{2} - {\xi^{*}}^{2}}\sum_{n = 1}^{N}\pars{% {n \over n^{2} - \xi^{2}} - {n \over n^{2} - {\xi^{*}}^{2}}} = {1 \over 2\ic\Im\pars{\xi^{2}}}\,2\ic\Im\sum_{n = 1}^{N} {n \over n^{2} - \xi^{2}} \\[3mm]&= -\,{2\root{3} \over 3}\Im\bracks{{1 \over 2}\sum_{n = 1}^{N} \pars{{1 \over n - \xi} + {1 \over n + \xi}}} = -\,{\root{3} \over 3}\Im\sum_{n = 1}^{N} \pars{{1 \over n + \xi} + {1 \over n - \xi}} \\[3mm]&= -\,{\root{3} \over 3}\Im\pars{% \sum_{n = 1}^{N}{1 \over n + \xi} - \sum_{n = 1}^{N}{1 \over n - \xi^{*}}} \end{align}

\begin{align} &\xi = \expo{2\pi\ic/3} = \cos\pars{2\pi \over 3} + \sin\pars{2\pi \over 3}\ic = -\,{1 \over 2} + {\root{3} \over 2}\,\ic \\[3mm]& \mbox{Notice that}\ \xi^{*} = -\,{1 \over 2} - {\root{3} \over 2}\,\ic = -1 - \pars{-\,{1 \over 2} + {\root{3} \over 2}\,\ic} = - 1 - \xi \end{align}

\begin{align} &\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty}{n \over n^{4} + n^{2} + 1} = -\,{\root{3} \over 3}\lim_{N \to \infty}\Im\pars{% \sum_{n = 1}^{N}{1 \over n + \xi} - \sum_{n = 1}^{N}{1 \over n + 1 + \xi}} \\[3mm]&= -\,{\root{3} \over 3}\lim_{N \to \infty}\Im\pars{% \sum_{n = 1}^{N}{1 \over n + \xi} - \sum_{n = 2}^{N + 1}{1 \over n + \xi}} \\[3mm]&= -\,{\root{3} \over 3}\lim_{N \to \infty}\Im\pars{% {1 \over 1 + \xi } + \sum_{n = 2}^{N}{1 \over n + \xi} - \sum_{n = 2}^{N}{1 \over n + \xi} - {1 \over N + 1 + \xi}} = -\,{\root{3} \over 3}\Im\pars{1 \over 1 + \xi } \\[3mm]&= -\,{\root{3} \over 3}\Im\bracks{1 \over \pars{1 + \root{3}\ic}/2} = -\,{\root{3} \over 6}\Im\pars{1 - \root{3}\ic} = {1 \over 2} \end{align}

$$\color{#0000ff}{\large% \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty}{n \más de n^{4} + n^{2} + 1} = {1 \más de 2}} $$