Acabo de llegar a esta pregunta (un poco tarde) y me di cuenta de un enfoque que no se presentó, pensé que era digno de compartir (Si no te gusta puedo simplemente eliminar). Será un poco largo porque es un enfoque sistemático para hacer frente a este tipo de Series.
En primer lugar, necesitamos dos resultados preliminares:
Primer resultado preliminar :
$$\ln\left(2 \sinh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)=\frac{x}{2}-\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{e^{-kx}}{k} \tag{1}$$
Prueba:
$$ \begin{aligned} \ln\left( \sinh(x)\right)&=\ln\left( \frac{1}{2} \left( e^{x}-e^{-x} \right)\right)\\ &=-\ln 2+\ln\left( e^{x}-e^{-x} \right)\\ &=-\ln 2+\ln\left( \frac{e^{-x}}{e^{-x}} \left( e^{x}-e^{-x} \right)\right)\\ &=-\ln 2+x+\ln\left( 1-e^{-2x} \right)\\ &=-\ln 2+x-\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{e^{-2nx}}{n} \qquad \blacksquare \end{aligned} $$
Dejar $x \to \frac{x}{2}$ completa la prueba
Segundo resultado preliminar:
Tenemos
$$\frac{\operatorname{arcsinh}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}{\sqrt{1+\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^2}}=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n-1}x^{2n-1}}{\binom{2n}{n}n} \tag{2}$$
Dejar $x \to \sqrt{a}x$ obtenemos
$$\frac{\sqrt{a}\operatorname{arcsinh}\left(\frac{\sqrt{a} x}{2}\right)}{\sqrt{1+\left(\frac{ \sqrt{a} x}{2}\right)^2}}=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n-1}a^nx^{2n-1}}{\binom{2n}{n}n} \tag{3}$$
Reclamación:
$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{ (-1)^{n-1}a^n}{\binom{2n}{n}n^k}=\frac{(-2)^{k-2}}{(k-2)!}\int_0^{2\operatorname{arcsinh}\left(\frac{\sqrt{a} }{2} \right)}x\ln^{k-2}\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{a}}\sinh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) \right)\,dx \tag{4}$$
Prueba:
$$ \begin{aligned} \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{ (-1)^{n-1}a^n}{\binom{2n}{n}n^k}&=\frac{(-1)^{k-1}a^n}{(k-1)!}\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{ (-1)^{n-1}}{\binom{2n}{n}}\int_0^1 \ln^{k-1}(x) x^{n-1}\,dx\\ &=\frac{2(-1)^{k-1}}{(k-1)!}\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{ (-1)^{n-1}a^n}{\binom{2n}{n}}\int_0^1 \ln^{k-1}\left(x^2\right) x^{2n-1}\,dx & \left(x \to x^2\right)\\ &=\frac{2(-2)^{k-1}}{(k-1)!}\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{ (-1)^{n-1}a^n}{\binom{2n}{n}}\int_0^1 \ln^{k-1}\left(x\right) x^{2n-1}\,dx \\ &=\frac{2(-2)^{k-1}}{(k-1)!}\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{ (-1)^{n-1}a^n}{\binom{2n}{n}}\left(\frac{x^{2n}\ln^{k-1}(x)}{2n}\Bigg|_0^1-\frac{(k-1)}{2n}\int_0^1 \ln^{k-2}\left(x\right) x^{2n-1}\,dx \right)\\ &=-\frac{(-2)^{k-1}}{(k-2)!}\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{ (-1)^{n-1}a^n}{\binom{2n}{n}n}\int_0^1 \ln^{k-2}\left(x\right) x^{2n-1}\,dx \\ &=-\frac{(-2)^{k-1}}{(k-2)!}\int_0^1 \ln^{k-2}\left(x\right)\left(\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^{n-1} a^n x^{2n-1}}{\binom{2n}{n}n} \right) \,dx \\ &=-\frac{(-2)^{k-1}}{(k-2)!}\int_0^1 \ln^{k-2}\left(x\right)\left(\frac{\sqrt{a} \operatorname{arcsinh}\left(\frac{\sqrt{a} x}{2} \right)}{\sqrt{1+\left( \frac{\sqrt{a} x}{2}\right)^2}} \right) \,dx & \left( \text{by eq. (3)}\right)\\ &=\frac{(-2)^{k-2}a}{(k-2)!}\int_0^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{a}}\operatorname{arcsinh}\left(\frac{\sqrt{a} }{2} \right)} \frac{x\ln^{k-2}\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{a}}\sinh\left(\frac{\sqrt{a}x}{2}\right)\right) \cosh\left(\frac{\sqrt{a}x}{2} \right)}{\sqrt{1-\sin^2\left( \frac{\sqrt{a}x}{2}\right)}} \,dx & \left( \frac{\sqrt{a}x}{2} \to \sinh\left(\frac{\sqrt{a} x}{2} \right)\right)\\ &=\frac{(-2)^{k-2}}{(k-2)!}\int_0^{2\operatorname{arcsinh}\left(\frac{\sqrt{a} }{2} \right)}x\ln^{k-2}\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{a}}\sinh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) \right)\,dx & \left( \sqrt{a}x \to x\right)\\ \end{aligned} $$
Dejar $a=\frac12$ y $k=3$ en $(4)$ obtenemos
$$ \begin{aligned} \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{n^32^n {2n\choose n}}&=-2\int_0^{\ln(2)}x\ln\left(2\sqrt{2}\sinh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) \right)\,dx\\ &=-\ln(2)\int_0^{\ln(2)}x\,dx-2\int_0^{\ln(2)}x\ln\left(2\sinh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) \right)\,dx\\ &=-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{2}-2\int_0^{\ln(2)}x \left(\frac{x}{2}-\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{e^{-kx}}{k}\right)\,dx\\ &=-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{2}-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{3}+2\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k}\left(-\frac{x e^{-kx}}{k}\Bigg|_0^{\ln(2)} +\frac{1}{k}\int_0^{\ln(2)}e^{-kx}\,dx\right)\\ &=-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{2}-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{3}-2\ln(2)\operatorname{Li}_2\left( \frac12\right)-2\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k^3}\left(e^{-kx}\Bigg|_0^{\ln(2)} \right)\\ &=-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{2}-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{3}-2\ln(2)\operatorname{Li}_2\left( \frac12\right)-2\operatorname{Li}_3\left( \frac12\right)+2\zeta(3)\\ &=-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{2}-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{3}-\frac{\pi^6}{6}\ln(2)+\ln^3(2)-\frac74\zeta(3)+\frac{\pi^6}{6}\ln(2)-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{3}+2\zeta(3)\\ &=\frac{\zeta(3)}{4}-\frac{\ln^3(2)}{6} \qquad \blacksquare \end{aligned} $$
Donde utilizamos
$\operatorname{Li}_2\left(\frac12\right)=\frac12\zeta(2)-\frac12\ln^22$ et
$\operatorname{Li}_3\left(\frac12\right)=\frac78\zeta(3)-\frac12\ln2\zeta(2)+\frac16\ln^32$
Para demostrar que este planteamiento es sistemático, como Bonus, estableciendo $a=1$ y $k=3$ en $(4)$ obtenemos
$$ \begin{aligned} \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{ (-1)^{n-1}}{\binom{2n}{n}n^3}&=-2\int_0^{2\ln(\phi)}x\ln\left(2 \sinh\left( \frac{x}{2}\right) \right)\,dx \\ &=-2\int_0^{2\ln(\phi)}x\left(\frac{x}{2}-\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{e^{-kx}}{k} \right)\,dx & \left( \text{by eq. (1)}\right)\\ &=-\int_0^{2\ln(\phi)}x^2\,dx+2\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k}\int_0^{2\ln(\phi)} xe^{-kx}\,dx\\ &=-\frac{8}{3}\ln^3(\phi)+2\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k}\left(-\frac{2\ln(\phi)\phi^{-2k}}{k}+\frac{1}{k}\int_0^{2\ln(\phi)} e^{-kx}\,dx \right)\\ &=-\frac{8}{3}\ln^3(\phi)-4\ln(\phi)\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{(\phi^{-2})^k}{k^2}+2\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k}\left(\frac{1}{k^2}-\frac{(\phi^{-2})^k}{k^2}\right)\\ &=-\frac{8}{3}\ln^3(\phi)-4\ln(\phi)\operatorname{Li}_2(\phi^{-2})+2\zeta(3)-2\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{(\phi^{-2})^k}{k^3}\\ &=-\frac{8}{3}\ln^3(\phi)-4\ln(\phi)\operatorname{Li}_2(\phi^{-2})-2\operatorname{Li}_3(\phi^{-2})+2\zeta(3)\\ &=-\frac{8}{3}\ln^3(\phi)-4\ln(\phi)\left( \frac{\pi^{2}}{15}-\ln ^{2} \phi\right)-2\left(\frac45\zeta(3)+\frac{2\ln ^{3}(\phi)}{3}-\frac{2\pi^{2} \ln (\phi)}{15} \right)+2\zeta(3)\\ &=-\frac{8}{3}\ln^3(\phi)+4\ln^3(\phi)-\frac{4}{3}\ln^3(\phi)-\frac85\zeta(3)+2\zeta(3)\\ &=\frac25\zeta(3) \qquad \blacksquare \end{aligned} $$
Que es la representación de $\zeta(3)$ que Apery utilizó para demostrar la irracionalidad de $\zeta(3)$ .
Tenga en cuenta que hemos utilizado
$\mathrm{Li}_{2}\left(\frac{1}{\phi^{2}}\right) =\frac{\pi^{2}}{15}-\ln ^{2} \phi$
$\operatorname{Li}_{3}\left(\frac{1}{\phi^{2}}\right)=\frac45\zeta(3)+\frac{2\ln ^{3}(\phi)}{3}-\frac{2\pi^{2} \ln (\phi)}{15}$