$\newcommand{\angles}[1]{\left\langle\, #1 \,\right\rangle} \newcommand{\braces}[1]{\left\lbrace\, #1 \,\right\rbrace} \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack\, #1 \,\right\rbrack} \newcommand{\ceil}[1]{\,\left\lceil\, #1 \,\right\rceil\,} \newcommand{\dd}{{\rm d}} \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}} \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,{\rm e}^{#1}\,} \newcommand{\fermi}{\,{\rm f}} \newcommand{\floor}[1]{\,\left\lfloor #1 \right\rfloor\,} \newcommand{\half}{{1 \over 2}} \newcommand{\ic}{{\rm i}} \newcommand{\iff}{\Longleftrightarrow} \newcommand{\imp}{\Longrightarrow} \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left(\, #1 \,\right)} \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\partial #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\pp}{{\cal P}} \newcommand{\root}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\vphantom{\large A}\,#2\,}\,} \newcommand{\sech}{\,{\rm sech}} \newcommand{\sgn}{\,{\rm sgn}} \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{{\rm d}^{#1} #2}{{\rm d} #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert\, #1 \,\right\vert}$ \begin{align} &\overbrace{\color{#66f}{\large\int{\dd t \over t - \root{1 - t^{2}}}}} ^{\ds{t\ \equiv \sin\pars{x}}}\ =\ \int{\cos\pars{x}\,\dd x \over \sin\pars{x} - \cos\pars{x}} \\[3mm]&={\root{2} \over 2}\int{\cos\pars{x}\,\dd x \over \sin\pars{x}\cos\pars{\pi/4} - \cos\pars{x}\sin\pars{\pi/4}} ={\root{2} \over 2}\ \overbrace{\int{\cos\pars{x}\,\dd x \over \sin\pars{x - \pi/4}}} ^{\ds{x - \pi/4\ \equiv\ y\ \imp\ x\ =\ y + \pi/4}} \\[3mm]&={\root{2} \over 2}\int{\cos\pars{y + \pi/4}\,\dd y \over \sin\pars{y}} =\half\int\bracks{\cot\pars{y} - 1}\,\dd y =\half\bracks{\ln\pars{\sin\pars{y}} - y} \\[3mm]&=\half\bracks{\ln\pars{\sin\pars{x} - \cos\pars{x}} - x} + \pars{~\mbox{a constant}~} \\[3mm]&=\color{#66f}{\large\half\bracks{\ln\pars{t - \root{1 - t^{2}}} - \arcsin\pars{t}} + \pars{~\mbox{a constant}~}} \end{align}