Demuestre:

Question

Demostrar que $\sqrt2$ puede expresarse como:

$$ \sqrt{2}=\lim{n\rightarrow\infty}{\sum{i=0}^n{\frac{\left(-1\right)^i\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)_i}{i!}}} $$ Where $\left (z\right) _i$ es el % de símbolo de Pochhammer $\left(z\right)_i=z(z+1)(z+2)...(z+i-1); (z)_0=1$

Este es un problema agradable, sólo querido compartirlo.

Answer 1

Si nos Taylor expandir $f(x)=\sqrt{1+x}$, en torno a $x=0$, obtenemos $$ \sqrt{1+x}=\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k\big(-\frac{1}{2}\big)_k}{k!}x^k=\sum_{k=0}^\infty a_kx^k, \etiqueta{1} $$ y esta serie converge para $|x|<1$, como $$ |a_k|=\frac{1}{k!}\cdot\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}\frac{3}{2}\cdots\frac{k-1-\frac{1}{2}}{2}\right)=\frac{1}{2k}\prod_{j=1}^{k-1}\frac{j-1/2}{j}<1. $$ También $$ \left|\frac{a_{k+1}}{a_{k}}\right|=\frac{k}{k+1}\cdot \frac{k-\frac{1}{2}}{k}=\frac{k-\frac{1}{2}}{k+1}=1-\frac{3}{2(k+1)}, $$ y por lo tanto $$ \lim_{k\to\infty}k\left(\left|\frac{a_{k+1}}{a_{k}}\right|-1\right)=-\frac{3}{2.} $$ que, debido a Raabe de la prueba, converge absolutamente, incluso para $|x|=1$, y por lo tanto, la powerseries $(1)$ define una función continua para $x\in [-1,1]$. Por lo tanto, $(1)$ mantiene incluso para $x=1$, es decir, $$ \sqrt{2}=\sqrt{1+1}=\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k\big(-\frac{1}{2}\big)_k}{k!}. $$

Answer 2

Por generalizar el Teorema del Binomio de Newton a la no-natural exponentes, tenemos el Binomio de la Serie, que, por $n=\frac12$ , se obtiene el siguiente resultado :

$$\sum_{k=0}^nC_n^k=2^n\qquad\iff\qquad\sum_{n=0}^\infty(-1)^{n+1}\frac{(2n-3)!!}{(2n)!!}=\sqrt2$$

La generalización de Vandermonde de la Identidad a la no-natural argumentos como $n=\frac12$ , y el uso Particular de los Valores de la Función Gamma, se deduce la siguiente identidad :

$$\sum_{k=0}^n\left(C_n^k\right)^2=C_{2n}^n\qquad\iff\qquad\sum_{n=0}^\infty\left[\frac{(2n-3)!!}{(2n)!!}\right]^2=\frac4\pi$$ donde !! representa el doble factorial.

Answer 3

$\newcommand{\+}{^{\daga}}% \newcommand{\ángulos}[1]{\left\langle #1 \right\rangle}% \newcommand{\llaves}[1]{\left\lbrace #1 \right\rbrace}% \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack #1 \right\rbrack}% \newcommand{\ceil}[1]{\,\left\lceil #1 \right\rceil\,}% \newcommand{\dd}{{\rm d}}% \newcommand{\down}{\downarrow}% \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}}% \newcommand{\equalby}[1]{{#1 \cima {= \cima \vphantom{\enorme}}}}% \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,{\rm e}^{#1}\,}% \newcommand{\fermi}{\,{\rm f}}% \newcommand{\piso}[1]{\,\left\lfloor #1 \right\rfloor\,}% \newcommand{\mitad}{{1 \over 2}}% \newcommand{\ic}{{\rm i}}% \newcommand{\iff}{\Longleftrightarrow} \newcommand{\imp}{\Longrightarrow}% \newcommand{\isdiv}{\,\left.\a la derecha\vert\,}% \newcommand{\cy}[1]{\left\vert #1\right\rangle}% \newcommand{\ol}[1]{\overline{#1}}% \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left( #1 \right)}% \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\parcial #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\pp}{{\cal P}}% \newcommand{\raíz}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\,#2\,}\,}% \newcommand{\sech}{\,{\rm sech}}% \newcommand{\sgn}{\,{\rm sgn}}% \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{{\rm d}^{#1} #2}{{\rm d} #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\ul}[1]{\underline{#1}}% \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert\, nº 1 \,\right\vert}$ $\ds{\raíz{2}= \lim_{n \to \infty}\sum_{i = 0}^{n}{\pars{-1}^{i}\pars{-\,\mitad}_{i} \over i!}:\ {\Large ?}}$

Tenga en cuenta que \begin{align} \pars{-\,\half}_{i}&=\pars{-1}^{i}\pars{\half - i + 1}_{i} =\pars{-1}^{i}\,{\Gamma\pars{3/2} \over \Gamma\pars{3/2 - i}} \\[3mm]&=\pars{-1}^{i}\,\Gamma\pars{3 \over 2}\, {\Gamma\pars{-1/2 + i}\sin\pars{\pi\bracks{-1/2 + i}} \over \pi} =-\,{1 \over 2\root{\pi}}\,\Gamma\pars{-\,\half + i} \\[3mm]&=-\,{1 \over 2\root{\pi}}\,\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-3/2 + i}\expo{-t}\,\dd t\,, \qquad i \geq 1\quad\mbox{and}\quad\pars{-\,\half}_{0} = 1 \end{align}

\begin{align} \color{#00f}{\large\sum_{i = 0}^{\infty}{\pars{-1}^{i}\pars{-\,\half}_{i} \over i!}} &= 1 + \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty}{\pars{-1}^{i}\over i!}\bracks{-\,{1 \over 2\root{\pi}}\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-3/2 + i}\expo{-t}\,\dd t} \\[3mm]&=1 - {1 \over 2\root{\pi}}\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-3/2}\expo{-t} \sum_{i = 1}^{n}{\pars{-1}^{i}t^{i}\over i!}\,\dd t \\[3mm]&=1 -\,{1 \over 2\root{\pi}}\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-3/2}\expo{-t} \pars{\expo{-t} - 1}\,\dd t \\[3mm]& =1 - {1 \over 2\root{\pi}}\ \overbrace{\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-3/2}\pars{\expo{-2t} - \expo{-t}}\,\dd t} ^{\ds{2\pars{1 - \root{2}}\pi}} =\color{#00f}{\large\root{2}} \end{align}

\begin{align} &\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-3/2}\pars{\expo{-2t} - \expo{-t}}\,\dd t =\int_{t = 0}^{t \to \infty}\pars{\expo{-2t} - \expo{-t}}\,\dd\pars{-2t^{-1/2}} \\[3mm]&=-\int_{0}^{\infty}\pars{-2t^{-1/2}}\pars{-2\expo{-2t} + \expo{-t}}\,\dd t =-4\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-1/2}\expo{-2t}\,\dd t + 2\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-1/2}\expo{-t}\,\dd t \\[3mm]&=-2\root{2}\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-1/2}\expo{-t}\,\dd t + 2\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-1/2}\expo{-t}\,\dd t =2\pars{1 - \root{2}}\ \underbrace{\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{-1/2}\expo{-t}\,\dd t} _{\ds{=\ \Gamma\pars{\half}\ =\ \root{\pi}}} \end{align}